Natural formulation for treating hangover

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for treating and/or preventing hangover are disclosed. In certain embodiments, the compositions include at least one B vitamin, activated charcoal, at least one mineral, and at least one herbal extract.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/345,143, filed Nov. 7, 2016, the contents of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present embodiments relate to compositions and methods for treatinghangovers. In particular, a powder comprising charcoal and a blend ofvitamins, minerals and herbal supplements, in a unit dosage stick pack,is disclosed for mixing with water to form an effervescent, therapeuticliquid.

BACKGROUND

Hangovers are the result of drinking excessive alcohol. However, theamount of alcohol required to produce a hangover varies from person toperson. For example, in some people, a single alcoholic drink issufficient to trigger a hangover. The symptoms of a hangover can includenausea and vomiting, headache and muscle ache, dry mouth, fatigue andweakness, shakiness, decreased ability to concentrate, reduced sleepquality or duration, mood disturbances, thirst, and rapid heartbeat.These symptoms often arise as one's blood alcohol level returns tonormal levels after an episode of drinking. If an episode of drinkingoccurs in the evening, the hangover symptoms typically appear thefollowing morning.

Multiple factors can contribute to the development of a hangover. Forexample, alcohol has a diuretic effect that causes excess urinationleading to dehydration. Dehydration in turn causes lightheadedness,dizziness, and thirst. Alcohol also irritates the stomach lining byincreasing the production of acid and by delaying gastric emptying.These effects can cause nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Alcoholicbeverages contain substances called congeners, which can contribute tohangover symptoms. Alcohol also reduces blood sugar levels, which cancause weakness, fatigue, mood disturbances, and unsteadiness.

Hangover has generally been considered to be an insolvable problem, andthere are currently no truly effective cures for hangover. It isgenerally believed that the only way to reliably avoid symptoms is toabstain from drinking alcohol. Thus, there has been a long-felt need foran effective solution to the problem of hangover.

SUMMARY

A composition for treating and/or preventing a hangover is disclosed.The composition includes an effective amount of at least one B vitamin,an effective amount of activated charcoal, an effective amount of amineral, and an effective amount of at least one herbal extracts,wherein the effective amounts of the at least one B vitamin, activatedcharcoal, mineral, and the at least one herbal extracts are sufficientin combination to treat and/or prevent the hangover.

The composition may be in the form of a powder. The powder may be in agranulated form.

In one embodiment, the amount of each of the at least one B vitamins isin a range of about 0.01 μg to about 100 mg per unit dose of the powder.

In one embodiment, the amount of activated charcoal is in a range ofabout 1.0 mg to about 1000 mg per unit dose of the powder.

In one embodiment, the amount of mineral is in a range of about 1.0 mgto about 500 mg per unit dose of the powder.

In one embodiment, the amount of the at least one herbal extracts is ina range of about 10 mg to 2000 mg unit dose of the powder.

In one embodiment, the composition is an oral supplement. The oralsupplement may be a capsule or a tablet or a powder.

In another embodiment, a composition for treating and/or preventing ahangover is disclosed. The composition includes the followingingredients: an effective amount of at least one herbal extract,selected from the group consisting of milk thistle, ginger root, pricklypear, Hovenia dulcis and green tea leaf extract; an effective amount ofa mineral, selected from magnesium or zinc; an effective amount ofactivated charcoal; an effective amount of at least one B vitaminselected from the group consisting of B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin,pantothenic acid, biotin and folic acid; and an effective amount of atleast one additional agent selected from N-Acetyl L-Cysteine orL-Glutathione; wherein the effective amounts of the ingredients aresufficient in combination to treat and/or prevent the hangover.

A method for treating and/or preventing a hangover in a subject in needthereof is disclosed in accordance with another embodiment. The methodincludes administering to the subject a composition comprising aneffective amount of at least one B vitamin, an effective amount of atleast one mineral, an effective amount of activated charcoal, and aneffective amount of at least one herbal extract, wherein the effectiveamounts are sufficient in combination to treat and/or prevent thehangover condition.

The administering may comprise orally administering the composition in aform of a powder that is dissolved in a liquid.

In one embodiment, the amount of each of the at least one B vitaminsadministered is in a range of about 0.01 μg to about 100 mg per unitdose.

In one embodiment, the amount of activated charcoal administered is in arange of about 1.0 mg to about 1000 mg per unit dose.

In one embodiment, the amount of mineral administered is in a range ofabout 1.0 mg to about 500 mg per unit dose.

In one embodiment, the amount of the at least one herbal extractsadministered is in a range of about 10 mg to 2000 mg unit dose.

In one embodiment, the administering comprises orally administering thecomposition in the form of an oral supplement.

In one embodiment, the administering comprises orally administering one,two, three or four doses per day.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises one or more micronutrientsselected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2,vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D,vitamin E, vitamin K, Niacin, Folic Acid, Biotin, Calcium, PantothenicAcid, Iron, Phosphorous, Iodine, Potassium, Zinc, Selenium, Manganese,Magnesium, Copper, Choline, Inositol, Omega 3, Lycopene, Lutein,Zeaxanthin, Milk Thistle, Ginger Root Extract, Prickly Pear Fruit (Stem)Concentrate, N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Hovenia dulcis Fruit/Resin Extract,Green Tea Leaf Extract, and L-Glutathione.

In one embodiment, the administering comprises both topically applying adose of the composition in the form of a topical gel or a topical cream,and orally administering a dose of the composition in the form of anoral supplement.

In some embodiments the composition further comprises one or moreingredients selected from the group consisting silicon dioxide, citricacid, stevia leaf extract, and maltodextrin.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises natural flavors such ascitrus, berry, mixed berry, blackberry, blackcurrant, raspberry,blueberry, or strawberry.

In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of a powdercomprising charcoal and a blend of vitamins, minerals and herbalsupplements.

In some embodiments, the composition is contained in a unit dosage stickpack. In some arrangements, the contents of the stick may be dispensedinto liquid and mixed to form a therapeutic liquid. In somearrangements, the therapeutic liquid can be effervescent.

In some embodiments, the composition further comprises apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, thecomposition is an oral supplement. In some arrangements of thecomposition the oral supplement is a capsule, a lozenge, a gel, a spray,a tincture, an orally dissolving strip, dissolving tablet, a tablet,liquid, or a powder.

In one particular embodiment, the composition comprises Vitamin B1,Vitamin B2, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12, Biotin,Pantothenic Acid, Magnesium, Zinc, Milk Thistle Whole Plant, Ginger RootExtract, Prickly Pear Fruit (Stem) Concentrate, N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine,activated charcoal, Hovenia dulcis Fruit/Resin Extract, Green Tea LeafExtract, and L-Glutathione. In some arrangements, the compositionfurther comprises silicon dioxide, natural flavors, citric acid, andstevia leaf extract.

A method for treating and/or preventing hangover symptoms in a subjectin need thereof is provided. The method comprises administering to thesubject a composition comprising an effective amount of vitamins, suchas B vitamins, and an effective amount of minerals, such as magnesium,in amounts sufficient to treat and/or prevent the hangover symptoms. Insome embodiments, the method further comprises administering effectiveamounts of herbal extracts and/or activated charcoal. In someembodiments of the method, administering comprises orally administeringthe composition.

In some embodiments of the method, the composition administered isadministered in a single dose. In other embodiments of the method, thecomposition administered is administered in multiple doses.

In some embodiments of the method, administering comprises dissolvingthe composition in the form of a powder in liquid and orallyadministering the composition and liquid mixture to a subject. In otherarrangements, administering comprises dissolving the composition in theform of a tablet in liquid and orally administering the composition andliquid mixture to a subject. In some embodiments, administeringcomprises administering a capsule containing the composition to asubject, which the subject then swallows. In other arrangements,administering comprises orally administering the composition in the formof a gel to a subject.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Vitamin B1 administeredis in a range of about 0.1 mg to about 1 mg per unit dosage form. Insome arrangements of the method, the composition administered comprisesVitamin B1 from Thiamine HCL.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Vitamin B2 administeredis in a range of about 0.1 mg to about 1 mg per unit dosage form. Insome arrangements of the method, the composition administered comprisesVitamin B2 in the form of Riboflavin.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Niacin administered isin a range of about 1 mg to about 100 mg per unit dosage form.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Vitamin B6 administeredis in a range of about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg per unit dosage form. Insome arrangements of the method, the composition administered comprisesVitamin B6 from Pyridoxine HCL.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Folic Acid administeredis in a range of about 0.1 mcg to about 100 mcg per unit dosage form.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Vitamin B12administered is in a range of about 0.1 μg to about 10 μg per unitdosage form. In some arrangements of the method, the compositionadministered comprises Vitamin B12 in the form of Cyanocobalamin.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Biotin administered isin a range of about 10 μg to about 500 μg per unit dosage form.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Pantothenic Acidadministered is in a range of about 0.5 mg to about 50 mg per unitdosage form. In some embodiments of the method, the compositionadministered comprises Pantothenic Acid from Calcium D-Pantothenate.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Magnesium administeredis in a range of about 10 mg to about 1000 mg per unit dosage form. Insome arrangements of the method, the composition administered comprisesMagnesium from Magnesium Oxide. However, in other arrangements, theMagnesium in the composition administered may be from magnesium citrate,magnesium chloride, magnesium oxide or some other form of magnesium.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Zinc administered is ina range of about 1 mg to about 100 mg per unit dosage form. In somearrangements of the method, the composition administered comprises Zincfrom Zinc Oxide.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Milk Thistleadministered is in a range of about 100 mg to about 2000 mg per unitdosage form.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Ginger Root Extractadministered is in a range of about 50 mg to about 1000 mg per unitdosage form. In some arrangements of the method, the compositionadministered comprises Ginger Root Extract in the form of 5% Gingerols.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Prickly Pear Fruit(Stem) Concentrate administered is in a range of about 50 mg to about1000 mg per unit dosage form. In some arrangements of the method, thecomposition administered comprises Prickly Pear Fruit (Stem) Concentratein the form of stem concentrate 20:1.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteineadministered is in a range of about 50 mg to about 500 mg per unitdosage form.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of activated charcoaladministered is in a range of about 50 mg to about 500 mg per unitdosage form. In some embodiments, NORIT® brand activated charcoal isused.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Hovenia dulcisFruit/Resin Extract administered is in a range of about 10 mg to about1000 mg per unit dosage form. In some arrangements of the method, thecomposition administered comprises Hovenia dulcis Fruit/Resin Extract10:1.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of Green Tea Leaf Extractadministered is in a range of about 10 mg to about 500 mg per unitdosage form.

In some embodiments of the method, the amount of L-Glutathioneadministered is in a range of about 5 mg to about 100 mg per unit dosageform.

In some embodiments of the method, the composition administered furthercomprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consistingsilicon dioxide, citric acid, stevia leaf extract, and maltodextrin.

In some embodiments of the method, the composition administeredcomprises natural flavors such as berry, mixed berry, blackberry,blackcurrant, raspberry, blueberry, or strawberry.

In some embodiments of the method, the composition administered furthercomprises one or more micronutrients selected from the group consistingof vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitaminB6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, Niacin,Folic Acid, Biotin, Calcium, Pantothenic Acid, Iron, Phosphorous,Iodine, Potassium, Zinc, Selenium, Manganese, Magnesium, Copper,Choline, Inositol, Omega 3, Lycopene, Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Milk Thistle,Ginger Root Extract, Prickly Pear Fruit Concentrate,N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine, Hovenia dulcis Fruit/Resin Extract, Green Tea LeafExtract, and L-Glutathione.

In one particular embodiment of the method, a composition in powder formcomprising Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folic Acid,Vitamin B12, Biotin, Pantothenic Acid, Magnesium, Zinc, Milk ThistleWhole Plant, Ginger Root Extract, Prickly Pear Fruit (Stem) Concentrate,N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine, Activated Charcoal, Hovenia dulcis Fruit/ResinExtract, Green Tea Leaf Extract, and L-Glutathione is orallyadministered after mixing in a liquid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of this disclosure relate generally to the use of vitamins,minerals, activated charcoal, and herbal extracts in combination for theprevention and treatment of hangover. The combination therapy mayinclude oral delivery.

Unless specified otherwise, the amounts of each ingredient are expressedas weight (e.g., mg or mcg (rig)) per unit dosage form (e.g., 2 to 4.5grams powdered or granulated ingredients in e.g., tall stick packages orsquare foil packages). The unit dosage is that amount of the compositionformulated for a single dose/serving.

Vitamins

In certain embodiments, the composition for treating or preventinghangover include B vitamins. The B vitamins act as antioxidants andcoenzymes that serve important roles in energy metabolism, nervoussystem health, digestive health, skin health, and proper function of theimmune system. B vitamins can aid in boosting energy and mood,facilitating concentration, fighting stress, and decreasing symptomssuch as nausea and vomiting. Deficiencies of the B vitamins arefrequently seen in acute alcohol use and chronic alcoholism.

More particularly, the B vitamins of the composition include Vitamin B1.Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is generally known to support nerve and brainhealth, to promote gut health, to increase energy, and to combat thesymptoms of stress. Vitamin B1 is required to form adenosinetriphosphate, which serves as the source of energy for all cells.Deficiency of Vitamin B1 can include nausea, headache, fatigue,abdominal discomfort, depression, and irritability.

Another B vitamin includes thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiaminepyrophosphate serves as a coenzyme in the oxidative decarboxylation ofalpha keto acids, and in the formation or degradation of alpha ketols bytransketolase. The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and alphaketoglutarate plays a key role in energy metabolism of most cells, butis particularly important in tissues of the nervous system. In thiaminedeficiency the activity of these two dehydrogenase reactions isdecreased, resulting in a decreased production of ATP, and thus impairedcellular function. In the United States, thiamine deficiency is seenprimarily in association with chronic alcoholism and is due to dietaryinsufficiency or impaired intestinal absorption of the vitamin. Somealcoholics develop the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a deficiency statecharacterized by apathy, loss of memory, and a rhythmical to-and-fromotion of the eyes. (Champe, Pamela C. & Harvey, Richard A. Lippincott'sIllustrated Reviews Biochemistry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: LippincottWilliams & Wilkins; c1994. Chapter 28 Vitamins; p 321-2.).

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) promotes energy production, serves as anantioxidant, and plays a role in red blood cell production. Symptoms ofVitamin B2 deficiency can include digestive problems, fatigue,sensitivity to light, eye fatigue, and cracks and sores at the cornersof the mouth. The two biologically active forms are flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) formed by thetransfer of an AMP moiety from ATP to FMN. FMN and FAD are each capableof reversibly accepting two hydrogen atoms, forming FMNH2 or FADh2. FMNand FAD are bound tightly—sometimes covalently—to flavoenzymes thatcatalyze the oxidation or reduction of a substrate. Riboflavindeficiency is not associated with a major human disease, although itfrequently accompanies other vitamin deficiencies. Deficiency symptomsinclude dermatitis, cheilosis, and glossitis. (Champe, Pamela C. &Harvey, Richard A. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry. 2nded. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c1994. Chapter 28Vitamins; p 322-3.).

Vitamin B3 (niacin) helps promote energy production, serves as anantioxidant, improves circulation, and suppresses inflammation. Symptomsof Vitamin B3 deficiency can include fatigue, vomiting, depression, poorcirculation, and indigestion. In more severe cases, Vitamin B3 can causea constellation of symptoms including diarrhea, dementia, and crackedscaly skin, which is known as pellagra. Pellagra is a disease involvingthe skin, GI tract, and central nervous system. The symptoms of pellagraprogress through the three Ds: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, and ifuntreated, death.

Niacin, or nicotinic acid, is a substituted pyridine derivative. Thebiologically active coenzyme forms are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+) and its phosphorylated derivative, nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). Nicotinamide, a derivative of nicotinicacid that contains an amide instead of a of a carboxyl group, alsooccurs in the diet. Nicotinamide is readily dominated in the body andtherefore is nutritionally equivalent to nicotinic acid. NAD+ and NADP+serve as coenzymes in oxidation-reduction reactions in which thecoenzyme undergoes reduction of the pyridine ring by accepting a hydrideion (hydrogen atom plus one electron. The reduced forms of NAD+ andNADP+ are NADH and NADPH, respectively (Champe, Pamela C. & Harvey,Richard A. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry. 2nd ed.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c1994. Chapter 28 Vitamins;p 323-4.).

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid from Calcium D-Pantothenate) plays a rolein carbohydrate and fat metabolism, red blood cell production, and theproduction of sex and stress hormones. It also plays a role inmaintaining digestive tract health. Deficiencies of Vitamin B5 can leadto symptoms such as fatigue, vomiting, depression, irritability, stomachpain, insomnia, and upper respiratory infections. Pantothenic acid isimportant for our bodies to properly use carbohydrates, proteins, andlipids and for healthy skin e.g. energy production & fat metabolism e.g.improves cardiovascular health, synthesizes cholesterol, metabolizesfood into energy, maintains healthy nerve function, improves mentalperformance, helps control the body's stress response, helps woundhealing. helps with rheumatoid arthritis, aids in immune function, helpsfight acne and protect skin health. (https://draxe.com/vitamin-b5/).Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A, which functions in thetransfer of acyl groups. Coenzyme A contains a thiol group that carriesacyl compounds as activated thiol esters. Examples of such structuresare succinyl CoA, fatty acyl CoA, and acetyl CoA. Pantothenic acid isalso a component of fatty acid synthase. Pantothenic acid deficiency isnot well characterized in humans. (Champe, Pamela C. & Harvey, RichardA. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c1994. Chapter 28 Vitamins; p 324-5.)

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) plays an important role in nervous systemdevelopment and functioning. It is also essential to red blood cellproduction and immune function. Deficiencies can cause nervousness,irritability, muscle weakness, difficulty concentrating, depression, andshort term memory loss. Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine,pyridoxal, and pyridoxine, all derivatives of pyridine, differing onlyin the functional group attached to the ring. Pyridoxine occursprimarily in plants, whereas pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are found infoods obtained from animals. All three compounds can serve as precursorsof the biologically active coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate. Pyridoxalphosphate functions as a coenzyme for a large number of enzymes,particularly those that catalyze reactions involving amino acids.Isoniazid, a drug frequently used to treat tuberculosis, can induce a B6deficiency by forming an inactive derivative with pyridoxal phosphate.Dietary supplementation with B6 is thus an adjunct to isoniazidtreatment. Otherwise, dietary deficiencies in pyridoxine are rare buthave been observed in newborn infants fed formulas low in vitamin B6,women taking oral contraceptives, and in alcoholics. (Champe, Pamela C.& Harvey, Richard A. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry. 2nded. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c1994. Chapter 28Vitamins; p 328-9.)

Vitamin B7 (biotin) helps regulate blood sugar and plays a role inmaintenance of the nervous system and key metabolic processes.Deficiencies can cause fatigue, muscle pain, dermatitis, dry skin, andintestinal dysfunction. Biotin is a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions,in which it serves as a carrier of activated carbon dioxide. Biotin iscovalently bound to the epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues ofbiotin dependent enzymes. Biotin deficiency does not occur naturallybecause the vitamin is widely distributed in food. Also, a largepercentage of the biotin requirement in humans is supplied by intestinalbacteria. However, the addition of raw egg-white to the diet as a sourceof protein induces symptoms of biotin deficiency, namely dermatitis,glossitis, loss of appetite, and nausea. Raw egg white contains aglycoprotein, avidin, which tightly binds biotin and prevents itsabsorption from the intestine. However, with a normal diet, it has beenestimated that 20 eggs per day would be required to induce a deficiencysyndrome. Thus, inclusion of an occasional raw egg in the diet does notlead to biotin deficiency. (Champe, Pamela C. & Harvey, Richard A.Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c1994. Chapter 28 Vitamins; p 324-5.)

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) aids in fat metabolism and promotes healthyliver, skin, eye, and nervous system function. Deficiencies of VitaminB9 can cause irritability, diarrhea, loss of mental acuity,forgetfulness, and loss of appetite. Folic acid (or folate) plays a keyrole in one-carbon metabolism, and is essential for the biosynthesis ofthe purines and the pyrimidine, thymine. Folic acid deficiency isprobably the most common vitamin deficiency in the United States,particularly among pregnant women and alcoholics. Folic acid is composedof a pterin ring attached to p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and conjugatedwith one or more glutamic acid residues. Humans cannot synthesize PABAor attach the first glutamic acid. The biologically active form of folicacid is tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), which is produced by the two-stepreduction of folate by dihydrofolate reductase (DHF). THF receivesone-carbon fragments from donors such as serine, glycine, and histidineand transfers them to intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids,purines, and thymidine—the characteristic pyrimidine of DNA. Folic aciddeficiency is characterized by growth failure and megaloblastic anemia.The anemia is a result of diminished DNA synthesis in erythropoieticstem cells, a process that requires tetrahydrofolate derivatives.(Champe, Pamela C. & Harvey, Richard A. Lippincott's Illustrated ReviewsBiochemistry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;c1994. Chapter 28 Vitamins; p 325-6.)

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) is required in humans for two essentialenzymatic reactions: the synthesis of methionine and the isomerizationof methylmalonyl CoA that arises from fatty acids with odd numbers ofcarbon atoms. When the vitamin is deficient, abnormal fatty acidsaccumulate and become incorporated into the cell membranes, includingthose of the nervous system. This may account for some of the neurologicmanifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency. Cobalamin contains a corrinring system that differs from the porphyrins in that two of the pyrrolerings are linked directly rather than through a methane bridge. Cobaltis held in the center of the corrin ring by four coordination bonds fromthe nitrogens of the pyrrole groups. The remaining coordination bonds ofthe cobalt are with the nitrogen of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole and withcyanide in commercial preparations of the vitamin in the form ofcyanocobalamin. The coenzyme forms of cobalamin are 5′deoxyadenosylcobalamin, in which cyanide is replaced with5′deoxyadenosine and methylcobalamin, in which cyanide is replaced by amethyl group.

The effects of cobalamin deficiency are most pronounced in rapidlydiving cells such as the erythropoietic tissue of bone marrow and themucosal cells of the intestines. In contrast to other water-solublevitamins, significant amounts of vitamin B12 are stored in the body. Asa result, it may take several years for the clinical symptoms of B12deficiency to develop in individuals who have had a partial or totalgastrectomy (who therefore become intrinsic factor-deficient) and can nolonger absorb the vitamin. (Champe, Pamela C. & Harvey, Richard A.Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c1994. Chapter 28 Vitamins; p 326-8.)

Minerals

In addition to the above-summarized B vitamins, minerals are alsoincluded in certain embodiments of the composition. Magnesium is oneuseful mineral in the composition. It helps promote normal nerve andmuscle function while supporting the immune system, cardiac function,and the integrity of bones. It also helps regulate blood sugar levels.Magnesium deficiency can cause symptoms such as fatigue, insomnia,anorexia, confusion, irritability, muscle twitching, and poor memory.Magnesium has two mechanisms of action: 1) Antacid (magnesium hydroxide,magnesium oxide): neutralizes or reduces gastric acidity, resulting inan increase in the pH of the stomach and duodenal bulb and inhibition ofthe proteolytic activity of pepsin. 2) Laxative (magnesium citrate,magnesium hydroxide): attracts/retains water in intestinal lumen anddistends bowel; causes the duodenal secretion of cholecystokinin, whichstimulates fluid secretion and intestinal motility.(http://www.doctorslounge.com/gastroenterology/drugs/antacids/magnesium.htm)

Zinc is another useful mineral. Zinc (from Zinc Oxide) is involved innumerous aspects of cellular metabolism, namely boosts immune system,blood function, and enhances the action of insulin. It is required forthe catalytic activity of hundreds of enzymes and it plays a role inimmune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, DNA synthesis, andcell division. Zinc also supports normal growth and development duringpregnancy, childhood, and adolescence and is required for proper senseof taste and smell. A daily intake of zinc is required to maintain asteady state because the body has no specialized zinc storage system.(https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-Health Professional/)

Zinc is required for the activity of >300 enzymes, covering all sixclasses of enzymes. Zinc binding sites in proteins are often distortedtetrahedral or trigonal bipyramidal geometry, made up of the sulfur ofcysteine, the nitrogen of histidine or the oxygen of aspartate andglutamate, or a combination. Zinc in proteins can either participatedirectly in chemical catalysis or be important for maintaining proteinstructure and stability. In all catalytic sites, the zinc ion functionsas a Lewis acid. (http://jn.nutrition.org/content/130/5/1437S.full)

Zinc deficiency is characterized by growth retardation, loss ofappetite, and impaired immune function. In more severe cases, zincdeficiency causes hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation,impotence, hypogonadism in males, and eye and skin lesions. Weight loss,delayed healing of wounds, taste abnormalities, and mental lethargy canalso occur. Approximately 30%-50% of alcoholics have low zinc statusbecause ethanol consumption decreases intestinal absorption of zinc andincreases urinary zinc excretion. In addition, the variety and amount offood consumed by many alcoholics is limited, leading to inadequate zincintake. (https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/)

Activated Charcoal

In addition to the B vitamins and minerals, activated charcoal may alsobe included in certain embodiments of the composition. Activatedcharcoal is charcoal that has been treated in the presence of a gas thatcauses the charcoal to increase its ability to adsorb substances fromits surroundings. The adsorptive power of activated charcoal is due toits many pores that allow it to act as a sponge for toxins and othersubstances. NORIT® brand activated charcoal is commonly given in theemergency room setting and involves the administration of more than 2doses of oral activated charcoal to enhance elimination of drugsingested in acute poisoning. The rationale is that charcoal interruptsthe enteroenteric, enterogastric, and enterohepatic circulation ofabsorbed drugs, whereas unabsorbed drugs will be adsorbed to activatedcharcoal. The charcoal is prepared from vegetable matter such as peat,wood, coal, or coconut shell. It is then activated by high heat inoxidizing gas, such as steam or carbon dioxide, that increases itssurface area to at least 900 m²/g to meet industry standards.

NORIT® brand activated charcoal binds to dangerous toxins so that theycan be safely eliminated. More particularly, activated charcoal adsorbsa wide variety of drugs and chemicals. Adsorption is a process in whichatoms and molecules move from a bulk phase (such as a solid, liquid, orgas) onto a solid or liquid surface. In other words, the toxic substanceattaches to the surface of the charcoal. Because charcoal is not“digested,” it stays inside the GI tract and eliminates the toxin whenthe person has a bowel movement.

This mechanism of action should not be confused with absorption.Absorption occurs when a substance passes into or through a tissue, likewater passing into a sponge. Once the chemical or drug has been absorbedby the GI tract, activated charcoal can no longer retrieve the toxicingestion. It will only attach to substances that are still inside thestomach or intestines. The charcoal is “activated” because it isproduced to have a very fine particle size. This increases the overallsurface area and adsorptive capacity of the charcoal. It is produced byadding acid and steam to carbonaceous materials such as wood, coal, ryestarch, or coconut shells. To put this in perspective, one standard50-gram dose of activated charcoal has the surface area of 10 footballfields. While activated charcoal does not adsorb alcohol, it does helpquickly remove other toxins from the body that contribute to poisoning.Alcohol is rarely consumed in its pure form; mixers that includeartificial sweeteners and chemicals are common. Activated charcoalremoves these toxins.(http://www.emedicinehealth.com/activated_charcoal/page2_em.htm)

Herbal Extracts

Besides the B vitamins, minerals and activated charcoal, herbal extractsincluding plant materials and extracts may also show efficacy intreating and/or preventing hangover. For example, Milk Thistle WholePlant helps support liver health and get rid of toxins. Milk thistle hasbeen used for over 2,000 years. The plant is native to the Mediterraneanregion and a member of the Asteraceae plant family, which also includesother plants like sunflowers and daisies. The Greek physician andbotanist Dioscorides was the first to describe milk thistle's healingproperties back in the year 40 A.D. Milk thistle benefits work bydrawing toxins out of the body that can cause a range of symptoms anddiseases-including cancer development, high cholesterol, diabetes,kidney stones, gall bladder disorders, negative effects of chemotherapy,alcohol use, skin damage and much more.

As an antioxidant, milk thistle is equally powerful to other importantnutrients like vitamin E or vitamin C, which help fight free radicaldamage and slow the aging process that can lead to disease development.It specifically contains high levels of lipophilic extracts from theseeds of the plant, which act as bioflavanoid antioxidants that increaseimmunity and slow down oxidative stress. While it has many differentbenefits, milk thistle is most well-known for being a natural liversupporter and detoxifier. The liver constantly works hard to help defendus from toxins that are common in our everyday life, acting like afilter and removing harmful substances from the body.(https://draxe.com/milk-thistle-benefits/)

Silymarin, the active ingredient in milk thistle, is an antioxidant thatcan protect against depletion of glutathione, which is a “masterantioxidant” that's extremely useful at helping prevent diseaseformation. Glutathione is found naturally in the human body, as well asin some plants, mushrooms, fungus and algae. Its biggest role is to helpfight oxidative stress that leads to such diseases as cancer, diabetes,heart disease and neurodegenerative diseases. It can help prevent damageto important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species, suchas free radicals. One of the biggest milk thistle benefits is that itpreserves glutathione. In the modern American diet, pollution, toxins,medications, stress, trauma, aging, infections and radiation all work todeplete liver capabilities and also glutathione in the body. Milkthistle helps increase glutathione levels by improving liver detoxfunctions. Milk thistle strengthens the liver cell membranes, bufferingthem from invading toxins, and supports liver regeneration andglutathione formation. (https://draxe.com/milk-thistle-benefits/)

Milk thistle has been used for a number of purposes including liverdisease, and cancer; however, clinical studies are largely heterogeneousand contradictory. In trials, silymarin has typically been administeredin amounts ranging from 420-480 mg per day in two to three divideddoses. However, higher doses have been studied, such as 600 mg daily inthe treatment of type II diabetes (with significant results).(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Medicinal_use)

Another natural, plant-based antioxidant that may be included in certainembodiments is Ginger Root Extract (5% Gingerols). Ginger Root Extractserves as an antioxidant, helps the digestive system, and can easenausea and vomiting. The exact mechanism of action of ginger in relationto its antiemetic properties is unclear, although it appears to inhibitserotonin receptors and to exert antiemetic effects at the level of thegastrointestinal system and in the central nervous system.1 In relationto its potential anti-inflammatory properties, ginger extract has beenshown to inhibit the activation of tumor necrosis factor α andcyclooxygenase-2 expression during in vitro studies of humansynoviocytes. (http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0601/p 1689.html)

Another natural, plant-based antioxidant is Prickly Pear Fruit (Stem)Concentrate, which serves as an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory, andan antiviral while facilitating energy production, nerve & musclefunction, and insulin regulation. Used in Native American and SpanishAmerican cultures as a hangover treatment. Prickly pear cactus containsfiber and pectin, which can lower blood glucose by decreasing theabsorption of sugar in the stomach and intestine. Some researchers thinkthat it might also decrease cholesterol levels, and kill viruses in thebody.(http://www.emedicinehealth.com/prickly_pear_cactus-page2/vitamins-supplements.htm)

Green Tea Leaf Extract (80% Caffeine) improves mental alertness andthinking, helps with vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, helps the liverdetoxify. Tea has been cultivated for centuries, beginning in India andChina. Today, tea is the most widely-consumed beverage in the world,second only to water. Hundreds of millions of people drink tea, andstudies suggest that green tea (Camellia sinensis) in particular hasmany health benefits. There are 3 main varieties of tea, green, black,and oolong. The difference is in how the teas are processed. Green teais made from unfermented leaves and reportedly contains the highestconcentration of powerful antioxidants called polyphenols. Antioxidantsare substances that fight free radicals, damaging compounds in the bodythat change cells, damage DNA, and even cause cell death. Manyscientists believe that free radicals contribute to the aging process,as well as the development of a number of health problems, includingcancer and heart disease. Antioxidants, such as polyphenols in greentea, can neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help preventsome of the damage they cause.

In traditional Chinese and Indian medicine, practitioners used green teaas a stimulant, a diuretic (to help rid the body of excess fluid), anastringent (to control bleeding and help heal wounds), and to improveheart health. Other traditional uses of green tea include treating gas,regulating body temperature and blood sugar, promoting digestion, andimproving mental processes. Green tea has been extensively studied inpeople, animals, and laboratory experiments. Population-based studieshave shown that men who drink more than 10 cups of green tea per day areless likely to develop liver problems. Green tea also seems to protectthe liver from the damaging effects of toxic substances such as alcohol.Animal studies have shown that green tea helps protect against livertumors in mice. Results from several animal and human studies suggestthat plant chemicals in green tea called catechins, may help treat viralhepatitis, an inflammation of the liver.(http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/green-tea)

Hovenia dulcis Fruit/Resin Extract 10:1 accelerates detoxification ofethanol, and possess hepatoprotective, antioxidative, antimicrobial andantidiabetic properties. Used in Asian cultures as a hangover treatment.Dihydromyricetin (DHM, 1 mg/kg, i.p. injection), a flavonoid componentof herbal medicines, counteracted acute alcohol (EtOH) intoxication, andalso withdrawal signs in rats including tolerance, increased anxiety andseizure susceptibility; DHM greatly reduced EtOH consumption in anintermittent voluntary EtOH intake paradigm in rats.

Other Ingredients

N-Acetyl L-Cysteine prevents alcoholic liver damage and is used in thetreatment of some overdoses and poisonings. N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, theacetylated variant of the amino acid L-cysteine, is an excellent sourceof sulfhydryl (SH) groups, and is converted in the body into metabolitescapable of stimulating glutathione (GSH) synthesis, promotingdetoxification, and acting directly as free radical scavengers. NACreplenishes intracellular levels of the of one of the body's mostpowerful antioxidant defenses glutathione (GSH), helping to restorecells' ability to fight damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS)Administration of NAC has historically been as a mucolytic agent in avariety of respiratory illnesses; however, it appears to also havebeneficial effects in conditions characterized by decreased GSH oroxidative stress, such as HIV infection, cancer, heart disease, andcigarette smoking. An 18-dose oral course of NAC is currently themainstay of treatment for acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. N-AcetylL-Cysteine also appears to have some clinical usefulness as a chelatingagent in the treatment of acute heavy metal poisoning, both as an agentcapable of protecting the liver and kidney from damage and as anintervention to enhance elimination of the metals.(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9577247) and(http://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2010/5/n-acetyl-cysteine/page-01).

L-Glutathione is another antioxidant that may be included in certainembodiments. Besides its role as an antioxidant, L-Glutathione is alsoknown to enhance immune function and liver health, boost energy, andhelp break down acetaldehyde into harmless acetate. L-Glutathione levelsare low in alcoholics. Reduced glutathione, a tripeptide-thiol(Gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine), which is present in most cells, canchemically detoxify hydrogen peroxide. This reaction, catalyzed byglutathione peroxidase, forms oxidized glutathione, which no longer hasprotective properties. The cell regenerates reduced glutathione in areaction catalyzed by glutathione reductase using NADPH as a source ofreducing electrons. Thus, NADPH indirectly provides electrons for thereduction of hydrogen peroxide. Additional enzymes catalyze theconversion of other toxic oxygen intermediates to harmless products. Asa group, these enzymes serve as a defense system to guard against thetoxic effects of reactive oxygen intermediates. (Champe, Pamela C. &Harvey, Richard A. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry. 2nded. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c1994. Chapter 10Hexose Monophosphate Pathway; p 114.)

Glutathione is an intracellular antioxidant, which acts inside thecells. As such it is able to maintain their health and performance andresist disease by neutralizing free radicals and keeping otherantioxidants, including Vitamin C and E, in their active form. It alsohelps the liver to process toxins, helps with DNA and protein synthesis,and regulates both the nitric oxide cycle and the metabolism of iron.(http://aminoacidstudies.org/I-glutathione/)

The GABA_(A) receptor (GABA_(A)R) is an ionotropic receptor andligand-gated ion channel. Its endogenous ligand is γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervoussystem. Upon activation, the GABA_(A) receptor selectively conducts Cl—through its pore, resulting in hyperpolarization of the neuron. Thiscauses an inhibitory effect on neurotransmission by diminishing thechance of a successful action potential occurring. The net effect istypically inhibitory, reducing the activity of the neuron. TheGABA_(A)R's are major targets of acute and chronic EtOH actions on thebrain. At the cellular levels, DHM (1 μM) antagonized both acuteEtOH-induced potentiation of GABA_(A)R's and EtOHexposure/withdrawal-induced GABA_(A)R plasticity, including alterationsin responsiveness of extra- and post-synaptic GABA_(A)R's to acute EtOH,and most importantly, increases in GABA_(A)R α4 subunit expression inhippocampus and cultured neurons. DHM anti-alcohol effects on bothbehavior and CNS neurons were antagonized by flumazenil (10 mg/kg invivo, 10 μM in vitro), the benzodiazepine (BZ) antagonist. DHMcompetitively inhibited BZ-site [3H]flunitrazepam binding (IC50, 4.36μM), suggesting DHM interaction with EtOH involves the BZ-sites onGABA_(A)R s. In summary, we determined DHM anti-alcoholic effects onanimal models, and determined a major molecular target and cellularmechanism of DHM for counteracting alcohol intoxication and dependence.We demonstrated pharmacological properties of DHM consistent with thoseexpected to underlie successful medical treatment of AUD; therefore, DHMis a therapeutic candidate.(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292407/)

Sweetening ingredients well known in the art, such as maltodextrin andartificial sweeteners, may be used in certain embodiments. In someembodiments of the composition and method, the composition administeredfurther comprises one or more ingredients selected from the groupconsisting silicon dioxide, citric acid, stevia leaf extract, andmaltodextrin. Likewise, flavoring ingredients well known in the art,such as citrus and berry flavoring, may be used in certain embodiments.In some embodiments of the composition and method, the compositionadministered comprises natural flavors such as mixed berry, blackberry,blackcurrant, raspberry, blueberry, or strawberry.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples show Volunteers' experiences withvarious doses and frequencies of natural formulations (Batches) ofvitamins, minerals, activated charcoal, and herbal extracts, which aredescribed below as Batches 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The ingredients in eachbatch are summarized in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 BATCH 1 BATCH 2 BATCH 3 BATCH 4 BATCH 5 (mg*/4.5 g (mg*/4.5 g(mg*/2 g (mg*/2 g (mg*/3 g INGREDIENT serving**) serving**) serving**)serving**) serving**) Milk Thistle Whole Plant 1000.00 1000.00 444.44575.75 863.62 Magnesium (Magnesium 138.00 138.00 35.57 35.57 53.36Oxide) Zinc (Zinc Oxide) 9.38 9.38 3.33 4.17 5.00 Ginger Root Extract500.00 500.00 222.22 222.22 333.33 Prickly Pear Fruit 500.00 500.00222.22 222.22 333.33 Concentrate 20:1 Hovenia Dulcis Fruit 250.00 250.00111.11 111.11 166.67 Extract 10:1 Niacin 11.08 11.08 4.48 4.48 6.72Vitamin B1 (Thiamine 0.95 0.95 0.33 0.33 0.50 HCL) Vitamin B2(Riboflavin) 0.91 0.91 0.38 0.38 0.57 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine 1.26 1.260.44 0.44 0.66 HCL) Vitamin B12 0.32 mcg 0.32 mcg 1.33 mcg 1.33 mcg 2.00 mcg (Cyanocobalamin) Biotin 157.50 mcg  157.50 mcg  66.67 mcg 66.67 mcg  100.00 mcg Folic Acid 0.23 mcg 0.23 mcg 9.17 mcg 9.17 mcg 13.76 mcg Pantothenic Acid — — 2.41 2.22 3.33 (Calcium D- Pantothenate)N-Acetyl L-Cysteine — — 220.00 220.00 330.00 Norit ® Activated Carbon250.00 250.00 111.11 111.11 166.67 L-Glutathione 50.00 50.00 22.22 22.2233.33 Maltodextrin 1002.00 1002.00 156.30 131.30 131.30 Green Tea LeafExtract — 100.00 44.44 44.44 66.67 Flavoring citrus citrus berry berry+berry+ *all units are mg per serving, except Vitamin B12, Biotin andFolic Acid, which are in mcg (μg) per serving. **a serving mixed in 8,10 or 12 oz of water to taste

Dosing varied as described in greater detail below.

Batch 1 (citrus flavored) was the original theoretical formula broughtto manufacture and was tested at 4.5 g mixed in 8, 10 or 12 ounces ofwater (to taste) three times per day (before drinking, during drinking,and after drinking) to prevent hangover, abate drunkenness, and maintainsobriety. This dose and frequency of Batch 1 formulation was veryeffective. Indeed, some case studies reported an inability to either getdrunk or maintain their buzz. Many did not want to spend money on goingout and drinking alcoholic beverages, and not be able to experience ormaintain an alcohol buzz. Without changing the dose of 4.5 g mixed in 8,10 or 12 oz, the frequency of administration was reduced to only twotimes per day (before drinking and after drinking) with similar results.The frequency was again reduced to only one time per day (afterdrinking). Case studies reported that this dose was very effective inpreventing and treating hangover symptoms, while still allowing thedesired enjoyment of the alcohol. Now the goal was to reduce further todetermine the minimum efficacious dose with the requested convenience ofonce per day dosing (after drinking, either at end of night before bedor immediately upon rising in the morning).

Batch 2 (citrus flavored) was a similar formulation as Batch 1, with theaddition of green tea leaf extract. Further, the ingredients wereprovided in granulated form to improve flow during packaging anddispensing. This allowed for the use of tall stick packaging instead ofsquare packaging. The tall stick packaging was received better,aesthetically, over the square foil pack in the test group. Differentunit dosage amounts were tested, including 2 and 4.5 g unit dosageamounts of the formulation from Table 1, again mixed in 8, 10 or 12 ozto taste, and given once per day (after drinking). Study participantsreported that the 2 g dose was better than their usual alternative(Advil, etc.), but noticeably less effective than the 4.5 g dose (basedon overall improvement and time to improvement). When administered at4.5 g, the prophylactic and therapeutic effects observed by volunteerswere similar to those reported in the Batch 1 testing described above.

Batch 3 (berry) was similar to the formulation of Batch 2 with berryflavor substituted for citrus to compare which flavor was more popular.Berry flavor was preferred to citrus. In addition, Batch 3 also includedcalcium D pantothenate (vitamin B5), so that all eight B vitamins (Bcomplex) were in the formula. In addition, N-Acetyl L-Cysteine was alsoadded to the Batch 3 formulation, to further help protect the liver.Batch 3 was tested at 2.5 g unit dose.

For Batch 4, unit dosage amounts of 2.5 and 3 g were tested of theformulation from Table 1, again mixed in 8, 10 or 12 oz to taste, andgiven once per day (after drinking). Efficacy in treating hangoversymptoms increased in a dose-responsive manner from 2.5 to 3 g. However,based on the groups' response to earlier batches, the dose responsiveincrease in effectiveness seemed to plateau after 3 g, with little to nofurther increase in efficacy noted in the study group. Therefore, 3 gbecame the unit dosage amount (serving size) for further studies and wasto be mixed with eight to twelve ounces of water to taste. The Batch 4(berry) was a similar formulation as Batch 3 but had an increase berryflavoring for enhanced palatability, based on test group suggestions.Several other minor changes in this batch were also made to furtherrefine the formula and to help in cost efficiency without sacrificingefficacy. These changes were a increase in milk thistle, increase inzinc oxide, decrease in Calcium D pantothenate (vitamin B5), and adecrease in maltodextrin. These are not changed in Table 1.

Batch 5 was same formulation as Batch 4 measured by weight for the 3 gfinal production serving size. Batch 5 mass produced for firstproduction run.

The results are summarized in Table 2 below. Volunteers participated inthe Study. Data for each volunteer includes batch number administered,the dosage amount of the formulation administered (mixed in 8-12 ounceswater), the time at which the composition was administered following theonset of hangover symptoms, symptom improvement on a scale of 1 to 10(10 being the greatest improvement), time to symptom improvementfollowing administration, the number of administrations in a 24 hourperiod, and specific volunteer comments.

TABLE 2 Time to Time Taken Symptom Symptom Doses Dosage After SymptomsRelief Relief in 24 Batch (mg) (min) (1 to 10)* (min) Hours SubjectComments 1 4.5 420 8 20 1 no headache 1 4.5 420 9 30 1 like I didn'tdrink 1 4.5 420 9 30 1 no hangover 1 4.5 — 9 15 1 feel refreshed,clearer thinking 1 4.5 — 9 15 1 gave me more energy 1 4.5 0 9 15 3 tookbuzz away, couldn't get drunk 1 4.5 0 10 10 3 couldn't get really drunk1 4.5 0 9 15 2 took buzz away, couldn't get drunk 1 4.5 0 10 15 2couldn't get really drunk 1 4.5 0 9 15 1 kept buzz without hangover 14.5 0 10 15 1 took buzz away 2 2 0 9 15 2 kept buzz without hangover 2 20 7 20 2 no hangover 2 2 0 8 30 1 no hangover 2 2 0 8 30 1 no hangover 22 0 7 20 1 took feeling of too much alcohol away 2 4.5 0 10 15 1 clearedbuzz 2 4.5 0 10 15 1 couldn't get drunk 3 2.5 0 9 15 1 no headache 3 2.50 10 15 1 no hangover 4 2.5 30 10 20 1 cleared headache 4 2.5 30 10 20 1cleared headache 4 3 — 10 30 1 took without drinking and felt sharper,cleared out cobwebs 4 3 300 10 20 1 my headache was gone after about 20minutes I felt fine as though I did not drink 4 3 300 10 20 1 Had toattend meeting the RVRS sobered me up so I was able to function -cleared my head and headache 4 3 240 10 30 1 took after drinking in aclub for 3 hours. I felt much better within minutes I felt almost soberand able to clearly think again. It made me feel stable and no moreheadache 4 3 300 10 20 1 I had been drinking mixed drinks was verydrunk. After drinking RVRS I felt new again, no longer drunk clear headno pain in my head 4 3 300 10 20 1 Drank all weekend one small bottlemade me feel amazing no more hangover, headache, stomach ache, I was nolonger tired 4 3 300 10 20 1 Needed to go to work this really made mesober undrunk and no more headache so I could go to work 4 2.5 0 10 30 1started feeling less drunk 4 2.5 10 10 30 1 better right away 4 2.5 10 830 1 less drunk 4 2.5 0 7 30 1 sobered up a little 4 2.5 0 8 45 1sobered up a little 4 2.5 0 9 30 1 less drunk 4 2.5 0 9 30 1 less buzzed4 2.5 0 8 30 1 functioning better 4 2.5 0 8 30 1 less drunk 4 2.5 0 8 301 less drunk 4 2.5 0 7 30 1 less drunk 4 2.5 0 7 15 1 woke up 4 2.5 30 920 1 feeling better 4 2.5 45 6 30 1 less drunk 4 2.5 10 8 20 1 can drinkmore 4 2.5 0 8 20 1 less drunk 4 2.5 0 8 15 1 less drunk 4 2.5 0 8 15 1less drunk 4 2.5 5 8 20 1 can drink more 4 2.5 10 7 15 1 less drunk 42.5 0 7 15 1 woke up 4 2.5 0 9 10 1 less drunk 4 3 0 8 15 1 less drunk 43 0 9 10 1 cleared buzz 4 3 0 9 20 1 cleared up fog 4 3 0 9 15 1 lessbuzzed 4 3 0 8 10 1 sobered up 4 3 0 10 10 1 can keep going 4 3 0 10 151 sobered up 4 3 0 9 10 1 no headache 4 3 0 10 10 1 less full 4 3 0 1015 1 no stomach ache 4 3 0 9 15 1 less drunk 4 3 0 9 20 1 clearer 4 3 010 15 1 like I didn't drink 4 3 0 10 10 1 less buzzed 4 3 0 10 10 1 lessdrunk 4 3 0 10 15 1 can keep going 4 3 0 9 15 1 like I didn't drink toomuch 4 3 420 10 20 1 Was hung over/nauseous from night before. Took andalmost immediately felt better. Can start drinking again. 4 3 420 10 201 Hung over from previous night. Headache and nausea gone after takingthis. 4 3 420 9 30 1 Hung over from night before. This helped withheadache and nausea going away. 4 3 240 10 30 1 cleared my headache andhangover feeling felt so much better 4 3 300 10 20 1 I was very hungoverwhen i woke up drank one bottle felt immediate improvement was able tothink and move again. my headache was gone 4 2.5 30 10 20 1 made me wakeup without hangover 4 3 300 10 20 1 took after drinking at concertdrinking for 6 hours prior to taking. Felt immediate relief, headachegone, stomach relief fuzzy brain gone within minutes 4 3 300 10 20 1 Theone drink cleared up the my tiredness and headache from drinking 4 3 24010 20 1 Used after I celebrated - instant sober no more drunkenness,clear head clear mind ready to go again 4 3 20 10 20 1 headache gone,sober 4 3 300 10 20 1 took after drinking before bed wok up feelingfresh and clear no headache 4 3 240 10 30 1 cleared my headache 4 3 24010 20 1 helped relieve my headache, cleared my mind and sobered me up 43 240 10 15 1 no longer drunk 4 3 240 10 20 1 not dizzy 4 3 240 10 25 1felt better almost immediately 4 3 30 9 15 1 helped with energy/headache4 3 60 10 12 1 able to drink more 4 3 60 10 10 1 wasn't drunk anymore 43 60 8 15 1 was able to get out of bed 4 3 120 9 15 1 woke up normal 4 3120 9 15 1 was able to go to work 4 3 300 10 20 1 cured my new yearshang over within 20 minutes felt fresh and alive 4 3 300 10 20 1 aftercelebrating the new year I was able to clear my headache with just onedose 4 3 240 10 20 1 I was sick from drinking cured me instantly withone dose of RVRS I had a headache, stomach and was dizzy all gone 4 3720 9 60 1 no headache 4 3 720 9 60 1 no headache 4 3 30 8 45 1 nohangover 4 3 30 8 45 1 improved nausea 4 3 300 10 20 1 RVRS cured myaching head i was able to sober up and feel normal 4 3 — 10 30 2 helpedwith upset stomach 4 3 — 10 30 2 helped with upset stomach 4 3 60 7 30 1energy back 4 3 60 8 15 1 no hangover 4 3 60 8 20 1 helped stomach 4 360 9 30 1 no hangover 4 3 60 7 20 1 improved slowness 4 3 60 9 20 1 feltmuch better 4 3 60 9 15 1 no headache 4 3 60 10 30 1 no hangover 4 3 607 30 1 like I didn't drink 4 3 60 10 30 1 no hangover 4 3 300 10 20 1took one glass before bed woke up in the morning feeling fine like Inever drank 4 3 60 10 15 1 helped with hangover 4 3 0 9 15 1 woke up asif did not drink 4 3 0 10 20 1 didn't wake up with hangover 4 3 60 10 101 helped with spins 4 3 60 10 10 1 no hangover 4 3 120 9 15 1 felt waybetter 4 3 120 9 15 1 as if I didn't drink 4 3 240 10 20 1 was able towake up next morning 4 3 240 10 20 1 got rid of hangover 4 3 240 10 20 1cleared my head

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition for treating and/or preventing ahangover, the composition comprising: an amount of Hovenia dulcis fruitextract in a dosage range of about 10 mg to about 1000 mg per unit dose;an amount of prickly pear extract in a dosage range of about 50 mg toabout 1000 mg per unit dose; and an amount of L-glutathione in a dosagerange of about 5 mg to about 100 mg per unit dose, wherein thecomposition is formulated for oral delivery.
 2. A composition fortreating and/or preventing a hangover, the composition comprising:amounts of one or more minerals in a dosage range of about 1 mg to about500 mg per unit dose; an amount of prickly pear extract in a dosagerange of about 50 mg to about 1000 mg per unit dose; and an amount ofginger root extract in a dosage range of about 50 mg to about 1000 mgper unit dose, wherein the composition is formulated for oral delivery.3. A composition for treating and/or preventing a hangover, thecomposition comprising: an amount of milk thistle in a dose range ofabout 100 mg to about 2000 mg per unit dose; amounts of one or moreminerals in a dosage range of about 1 mg to about 500 mg per unit dose;amounts of one or more B vitamins in a dosage range of about 0.01 μg toabout 100 mg per unit dose; and an amount of green tea leaf extract in adosage range of about 10 mg to about 500 mg per unit dose, wherein thecomposition is formulated for oral delivery.
 4. The composition of anyone of claims 1-3, further comprising: an amount of activated charcoalin a dosage range of about 1 mg to about 1000 mg per unit dose.
 5. Amethod for treating and/or preventing a hangover in a subject in needthereof, the method comprising providing to the subject for oraladministration the composition of any one of claims 1-4.
 6. A method ofclaim 5, wherein the composition is administered orally one, two, threeor four doses per day.